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Moreover, with the computer technology advancing fast over the past decades, a new research approach termed CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) numerical simulation is emerging and has obtained significant research achievement that traditional experimental methods can hardly reach.
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However, as the worldwide industrial manufacturing capability has experienced enormous development, many new experimental techniques have emerged in studying gust effects on aircraft, e.g., gust wind tunnel. However, a comprehensive review on the effects of gust loads on aircraft has been lacking during the past decades. In 2006, Etele ( Reference Etele11) wrote a concise review of wind gust modeling and application to autonomous low-level Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) control. In 1992, Wyngaard ( Reference Wyngaard10) reviewed atmospheric turbulence from a meteorological point of view, which more or less involved the issue of gust. Several years later, Houbolt ( Reference Houbolt9) published a review paper elaborating the influence of atmospheric turbulence, mainly related to gusts, on the flight and design of aircraft. In 1970, Burnham ( Reference Burnham8) wrote a review introducing the latest research progress that the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) had made on gusts at that time. In his review, the influence of atmospheric turbulence on some aspects of aircraft engineering was mentioned, and the problem of the calculation was discussed in some detail. The earliest review on gust loads on aircraft might be the one written by Zbrozek ( Reference Zbrożek7) in 1965.
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Over the past century, substantial literature has been published, including reviews and research reports at different stages of the growing understanding of the subject. Concerns about aircraft gust disturbance have increased not only because of the design cases that are not primarily structural but also because of gust influence on aircraft handling qualities and flight controllability. The adverse influences of gust or turbulence on aviation have been taken into account to even before man’s first flight ( Reference Hunsaker and Wilson5, Reference Wilson6). Of these weather conditions, atmospheric gust or turbulence is a most common one encountered by aircraft. Meteorological conditions, such as gust ( Reference Etkin2), icing ( Reference Cao, Wu, Su and Xu3), heavy rain ( Reference Cao, Wu and Xu4), etc., have been well known to have catastrophic influence on aviation safety. Aviation meteorology has been an important area in the aeronautical research field since the time of the first flight by the Wright brothers ( Reference Dines1).